PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM MEREK LOKAL DI INDONESIA ATAS SENGKETA DENGAN MEREK TERKENAL BERDASARKAN PRINSIP FIRST TO FILE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisady.v7i2.63251Abstrak
Abstrak
Merek merupakan salah satu aset penting dalam kegiatan ekonomi yang berfungsi sebagai identitas dan penanda kualitas barang atau jasa. Persaingan usaha yang semakin kompleks memunculkan potensi sengketa antara merek lokal yang terdaftar terlebih dahulu dengan merek terkenal yang dikenal luas secara internasional, khususnya ketika keduanya menggunakan tanda identik atau serupa. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan merek terkenal di Indonesia dan bagaimana perlindungan hukum merek lokal atas sengketa dengan merek terkenal berdasarkan prinsip first to file. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif untuk menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan, yurisprudensi, dan literatur hukum terkait. Analisis data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan, pengelompokan bahan hukum sesuai kategori pembahasan, serta kajian sistematis untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan merek terkenal menempatkan reputasi dan tingkat pengenalan publik sebagai dasar perlindungan hukum melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016, Konvensi Paris, dan TRIPS Agreement, sementara sistem hukum nasional tetap menganut prinsip first to file sebagai fondasi hak eksklusif. Sengketa antara merek lokal terdaftar dan merek terkenal, seperti kasus Starbucks, mengungkap ketegangan antara kepastian hukum nasional dan kewajiban internasional. Perlindungan hukum merek lokal harus ditegakkan berdasarkan kepatuhan prosedural dan pendaftaran sah untuk menjaga keadilan formal serta kepercayaan pelaku usaha nasional. Konsistensi putusan pengadilan dan penegasan kriteria merek terkenal secara objektif menjadi kunci tercapainya keseimbangan perlindungan merek lokal dan merek terkenal. Sinergi antara legislatif, yudikatif, dan Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual diperlukan untuk memperkuat kepastian hukum dan iklim persaingan usaha yang sehat di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Merek, Merek Terkenal, Perlindungan Hukum, First to File.
Abstract
A trademark is an important asset in economic activities, serving as an identity and a quality marker for goods or services. Increasingly complex business competition creates potential disputes between locally registered trademarks and internationally renowned trademarks, especially when both use identical or similar signs. The research problem of this study is how well-known trademarks are regulated in Indonesia and how the legal protection of local trademarks is ensured in disputes with well-known trademarks based on the first-to-file principle. This study employs a normative legal research method with a descriptive approach to analyze relevant legislation, jurisprudence, and legal literature. Data analysis is conducted through library research, classification of legal materials according to discussion categories, and systematic review to address the research problem. The results indicate that the regulation of well-known trademarks prioritizes reputation and public recognition as the basis for legal protection under Law Number 20 of 2016, the Paris Convention, and the TRIPS Agreement, while the national legal system continues to uphold the first-to-file principle as the foundation of exclusive rights. Disputes between registered local trademarks and well-known trademarks, such as the Starbucks case, reveal tensions between national legal certainty and international obligations. Legal protection for local trademarks must be enforced based on procedural compliance and valid registration to maintain formal justice and business confidence. Consistency in court decisions and objective determination of well-known trademark criteria are key to achieving a balance between the protection of local and well-known trademarks. Coordination among the legislative, judicial, and the Directorate General of Intellectual Property is essential to strengthen legal certainty and foster a healthy business competition environment in Indonesia.
Keywords: Trademark, Well-Known Trademark, Legal Protection, First to File.
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