ANALISIS YURIDIS PRINSIP FREE, PRIOR, INFORMED CONSENT (FPIC) SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN PENCEGAHAN PELANGGARAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA PADA PERTAMBANGAN DI WILAYAH ADAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisady.v7i2.63392Abstrak
Abstract
The mining sector in Indonesia holds significant economic potential but often generates social, environmental, and legal issues, particularly for indigenous peoples. Agrarian conflicts and human rights violations frequently arise due to mining permits granted without adequate protection of indigenous peoples’ rights over their customary lands. The principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) serves as a crucial mechanism to ensure that indigenous communities can freely grant or withhold consent—prior to any activity—based on clear and comprehensive information regarding policies or development projects affecting their lands, territories, and natural resources. This study employs a normative juridical method with a doctrinal approach to analyze the position and implementation of FPIC within Indonesia’s national legal framework, especially in relation to mineral and coal mining activities. The findings reveal that national regulations, including Law No. 3 of 2020 and Law No. 11 of 2020, have yet to fully accommodate FPIC, potentially leading to human rights violations and legal conflicts. Strengthening the legal foundation and effective implementation of FPIC are essential to prevent human rights abuses, promote social justice, and safeguard environmental sustainability in indigenous territories.
Keywords: Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), Human Rights, Indigenous Peoples, Mining
Abstrak
Sektor pertambangan di Indonesia memiliki potensi ekonomi yang besar, namun sering menimbulkan persoalan sosial, lingkungan, dan hukum, khususnya terhadap masyarakat adat. Konflik agraria dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia kerap muncul akibat pemberian izin pertambangan yang tidak disertai perlindungan hak-hak masyarakat adat atas tanah ulayat mereka. Prinsip Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) hadir sebagai mekanisme penting untuk memastikan masyarakat adat dapat memberikan persetujuan atau penolakan secara bebas, didahului, dan berdasarkan informasi yang jelas terhadap setiap kebijakan atau proyek pembangunan yang berdampak pada tanah, wilayah, serta sumber daya mereka. Penelitian pada karya ilmiah ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan doktrinal untuk menganalisis posisi dan penerapan FPIC dalam kerangka hukum nasional, khususnya terkait pertambangan mineral dan batubara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi nasional, termasuk Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020, belum sepenuhnya mengakomodir prinsip FPIC, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan pelanggaran HAM dan konflik hukum. Penguatan dasar hukum dan implementasi FPIC menjadi urgensi untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak masyarakat adat, menjaga keadilan sosial, serta keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup.
Kata Kunci : Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), Hak Asasi Manusia, Masyarakat Adat, Pertambangan
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