FENOMENA IKLAN MENYESATKAN DI RUANG DIGITAL: PERSPEKTIF PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24252/iqtishaduna.v6i4.62911Abstract
Abstrak
Transformasi ruang digital melalui e-commerce, media sosial, dan live streaming commerce telah memperluas skala dan kompleksitas praktik iklan menyesatkan (misleading advertising). Iklan menyesatkan tidak hanya memuat klaim yang secara faktual salah, tetapi juga klaim implisit yang secara linguistik “benar” namun membentuk persepsi keliru tentang karakteristik, kualitas, atau manfaat produk. Sejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa praktik ini memengaruhi sikap, perilaku, dan loyalitas konsumen, terutama dalam konteks pemasaran digital yang sangat persuasif. Di sisi lain, iklan menyesatkan berkelindan dengan konstruksi unfair competition karena digunakan untuk meraih keuntungan tidak wajar dan merusak level playing field antar pelaku usaha. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual untuk menganalisis iklan menyesatkan di ruang digital dalam perspektif hukum Indonesia. Bahan hukum utama meliputi Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Perdagangan, serta Undang-Undang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara normatif kerangka pengaturan relatif komprehensif, tetapi implementasi masih menghadapi persoalan pembuktian niat menyesatkan, karakter lintas-batas platform, dan fragmentasi kewenangan antar lembaga pengawas. Artikel ini menawarkan model penguatan perlindungan konsumen melalui integrasi rezim perlindungan konsumen dan persaingan usaha, pengaturan eksplisit terhadap iklan digital (termasuk influencer marketing dan dark patterns), serta literasi hukum dan digital konsumen sebagai pilar penopang keadilan dalam pasar digital.
Kata Kunci: Iklan menyesatkan; Perlindungan konsumen; Persaingan usaha tidak sehat; Ruang digital.
Abstract
The transformation of digital space through e-commerce, social media, and live streaming commerce has expanded the scale and complexity of misleading advertising practices. Misleading advertising not only contains claims that are factually incorrect, but also implicit claims that are linguistically “correct” yet create a false perception of the characteristics, quality, or benefits of a product. A number of studies show that this practice influences consumer attitudes, behavior, and loyalty, especially in the context of highly persuasive digital marketing. On the other hand, misleading advertising is intertwined with the construction of unfair competition because it is used to gain unfair advantages and disrupt the level playing field between business actors. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze misleading advertising in the digital space from the perspective of Indonesian law. The main legal materials include the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, the Trade Law, and the Law Prohibiting Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The analysis shows that normatively, the regulatory framework is relatively comprehensive, but implementation still faces problems of proving misleading intent, the cross-border nature of platforms, and fragmentation of authority among regulatory agencies. This article proposes a model for strengthening consumer protection through the integration of consumer protection and business competition regimes, explicit regulation of digital advertising (including influencer marketing and dark patterns), and consumer legal and digital literacy as pillars of justice in the digital marketplace.
Keywords: Consumer protection; Digital space; Misleading advertising; Unfair business competition.
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