KONTRIBUSI PRINSIP USHUL FIQH DALAM PRAKTIK TRANSAKSI DIGITAL TERHADAP KEBERLANJUTAN UMKM

Abstract

Abstrak

Perkembangan financial technology (fintech) telah membawa perubahan besar dalam mekanisme transaksi keuangan, mendorong munculnya model akad baru, proses digitalisasi layanan, serta pola interaksi ekonomi yang semakin cepat dan tanpa batas geografis. Transformasi ini tidak hanya menimbulkan peluang, tetapi juga tantangan regulatif dan etis yang memerlukan pijakan metodologis yang kokoh dalam perspektif hukum Islam. Dalam konteks ini, Ushul Fiqh hadir sebagai kerangka epistemologis dan metodologis yang dapat memberikan arahan bagi penilaian dan pengembangan fintech agar tetap berada dalam koridor syariah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontribusi kaidah-kaidah Ushuliyah dalam merumuskan respons hukum terhadap inovasi fintech, khususnya melalui pembahasan mengenai kaidah perubahan hukum, penerapannya pada akad-akad digital, evaluasi mekanisme transaksi modern, serta peran maqashid syariah dalam menjaga kemaslahatan teknologi. Kaidah-kaidah ini telah lama menjadi pedoman bagi para fuqaha dalam merespons perubahan sosial dan ekonomi, termasuk perkembangan teknologi mutakhir. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi literatur dengan menelaah karya-karya klasik ulama ushul seperti al-Syathibi, al-Ghazali, dan al-Amidi, serta literatur kontemporer terkait fintech syariah dan regulasi digital seperti Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dan Bank Indonesia. Selain itu, kajian diperkuat oleh publikasi akademik yang relevan, termasuk riset-riset mengenai Islamic fintech di Asia Tenggara. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kaidah Ushul Fiqh seperti taghayyur al-ahkam bi taghayyur al-azman wa al-amkan—perubahan hukum sesuai perubahan zaman dan tempat menjadi dasar fleksibilitas syariah dalam menerima inovasi teknologi. Kaidah al-umūr bi maqāshidihā menegaskan bahwa setiap transaksi digital harus dinilai berdasarkan tujuan dan konsekuensinya, termasuk akad-akad elektronik yang kini dilakukan tanpa pertemuan fisik. Sementara itu, kaidah al-ḍarar yuzāl memberikan pedoman untuk menolak model fintech yang berpotensi merugikan pengguna, seperti sistem biaya tersembunyi atau ketidakjelasan mekanisme refund. Kaidah al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi al-shakk juga memiliki implikasi penting dalam validitas persetujuan elektronik (e-consent), keamanan data, dan keabsahan bukti transaksi digital. Dalam konteks akad digital, kaidah-kaidah tersebut memberi panduan terkait kejelasan objek akad, mekanisme persetujuan elektronik, transparansi syarat, pencegahan gharar, serta jaminan keamanan data pada layanan seperti e-payment, digital escrow, crowdfunding syariah, dan peer-to-peer lending. Berbagai riset menunjukkan bahwa risiko fintech modern terutama terkait information asymmetry, data privacy, dan ketidakjelasan struktur biaya, sehingga kaidah fiqh berfungsi memberikan arah normatif untuk meminimalkan potensi kerugian dan ketidakjelasan.

Kata Kunci: Ushul Fiqh, Financial Technology, Kaidah Ushuliyah, Maqashid Syariah, Transformasi Digital, Hukum Transaksi Modern.

Abstract

The development of financial technology (fintech) has brought major changes in the mechanism of financial transactions, encouraging the emergence of new contract models, service digitization processes, as well as patterns of economic interaction that are increasingly fast and without geographical boundaries. This transformation poses not only opportunities, but also regulative and ethical challenges that require a solid methodological footing in the perspective of Islamic law. In this context, Usul Fiqh is present as an epistemological and methodological framework that can provide direction for the assessment and development of fintech in order to remain within the Sharia corridor. This study aims to analyze the contribution of Ushuliyah rules in formulating legal responses to fintech innovation, especially through discussion of the rules of legal changes, their application to digital contracts, evaluation of modern transaction mechanisms, and the role of maqashid syariah in maintaining the benefit of technology. These rules have long been guidelines for fuqaha in responding to social and economic changes, including the development of cutting-edge technology. The research method uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies by examining the classic works of usul scholars such as al-Syathibi, al-Ghazali, and al-Amidi, as well as contemporary literature related to Sharia fintech and digital regulation such as the Financial Services Authority and Bank Indonesia. In addition, the study was reinforced by relevant academic publications, including research on Islamic fintech in Southeast Asia. The results showed that the rule of Usul Fiqh such as taghayyur al-ahkam bi taghayyur al-azman wa al—amkan-changes in law according to changes in time and place became the basis of Sharia flexibility in accepting technological innovation. The rule of al-umūr bi maqāshidihā asserts that every digital transaction must be assessed based on its purpose and consequences, including electronic contracts that are now carried out without physical meetings. Meanwhile, the AL-ḍarar yuzāl rule provides guidelines for rejecting fintech models that have the potential to harm users, such as hidden fee systems or the vagueness of refund mechanisms (Al-Zuhayli, 2008). The rule of al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi Al-shakk also has important implications in the validity of electronic consent (e-consent), data security, and the validity of proof of digital transactions. In the context of digital contracts, the rules provide guidance regarding the clarity of the contract object, electronic approval mechanisms, transparency of terms, gharar prevention, and data security guarantees on services such as e-payment, digital escrow, Sharia crowdfunding, and peer-to-peer lending. Various research shows that modern fintech risks are mainly related to information asymmetry, data privacy, and unclear cost structures, so that fiqh rules function to provide normative directions to minimize potential losses and vagueness.

Keywords: Ushul Fiqh, Financial Technology, Ushuliyah Rules, Maqashid Syariah, Digital Transformation, Modern Transaction Law.