KONSTRUKSI HUKUM PIDANA LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP PERUSAHAAN OUTSOURCING PENGELOLA LIMBAH MEDIS DI RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA

Abstract

Abstrak

Pengelolaan limbah medis di rumah sakit swasta sering melalui kerja sama dengan perusahaan outsourcing. Namun, dalam praktiknya, banyak ditemukan pelanggaran terhadap standar pengelolaan limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3), yang berdampak serius terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap perusahaan outsourcing pengelola limbah medis, mengidentifikasi kendala dalam penegakan hukumnya, serta merumuskan konstruksi hukum pidana lingkungan yang ideal untuk mengatasi persoalan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan outsourcing belum secara eksplisit diakui sebagai subjek hukum dalam peraturan pidana lingkungan hidup yang berlaku. Selain itu, lemahnya pengawasan kontraktual oleh rumah sakit, kesulitan dalam pembuktian unsur kesalahan korporasi, serta rendahnya kapasitas aparat penegak hukum turut menjadi hambatan signifikan dalam proses penegakan hukum. Untuk itu, diperlukan konstruksi hukum pidana lingkungan yang ideal, meliputi perluasan cakupan subjek hukum mencakup pihak outsourcing, perumusan norma adaptif terhadap sistem kontraktual, penyusunan sanksi pidana yang proporsional terhadap korporasi dan pengurusnya, serta penyempurnaan regulasi teknis melalui peraturan pemerintah atau peraturan menteri. Konstruksi ini diharapkan mampu memperkuat efektivitas penegakan hukum pidana lingkungan dalam menghadapi tantangan era outsourcing, sekaligus menjadi instrumen perlindungan lingkungan yang lebih responsif terhadap perkembangan praktik layanan kesehatan modern.

Kata Kunci: Outsourcing, Limbah Medis, Hukum Pidana Lingkungan, Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi

Abstract

Medical waste management in private hospitals is often carried out through collaborations with outsourcing companies. However, in practice, many violations of hazardous and toxic waste management standards (B3) are found, which have serious impacts on the environment and public health. This study aims to analyze the forms of criminal liability for outsourcing companies managing medical waste, identify obstacles to law enforcement, and formulate an ideal environmental criminal law framework to address these issues. The research method used is normative juridical, using a statutory approach and case studies. The results indicate that outsourcing companies are not yet explicitly recognized as legal subjects in applicable environmental criminal regulations. Furthermore, weak contractual oversight by hospitals, difficulties in proving corporate wrongdoing, and the low capacity of law enforcement officials contribute to significant obstacles in the law enforcement process. Therefore, an ideal environmental criminal law framework is needed, encompassing expanding the scope of legal subjects to include outsourcing parties, formulating adaptive norms for the contractual system, developing proportionate criminal sanctions for corporations and their managers, and refining technical regulations through government regulations or ministerial regulations. This construction is expected to strengthen the effectiveness of environmental criminal law enforcement in facing the challenges of the outsourcing era, while also becoming an environmental protection instrument that is more responsive to developments in modern healthcare practices.

Keywords: Outsourcing, Medical Waste, Environmental Criminal Law, Corporate Liability